Sabtu, 19 Februari 2011
ASAS PEMBINAAN RPH PSV
ASAS PEMBINAAN RANCANGAN PENGAJARAN HARIAN (RPH)
OBJEKTIF RPH
OBJEKTIF
1. Pengajaran guru menepati kehendak Sukatan Pelajaran
IMPLIKASI
Menentukan Hasil Pembelajaran (isi kandungan dan aras) menepati kehendak Sukatan pelajaran bagi topik berkenaan.
Menentukan isi kandungan yang yang tepat dan sesuai.
2. Pemilihan pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik yang sesuai dan berkesan.
IMPLIKASI
Menentukan pendekatan, kaedah dan teknik yang digunakan adalah sesuai dan berkesan.
Pilih aktiviti/ pengalaman pembelajaran yang sesuai.
Tentukan peranan guru bagi setiap langkah pengajaran.
Tentukan penggunaan sumber P&P (media dan material) yang sesuai.
3. Penggunaan prosedur pentaksiran yang sesuai untuk mengesan dan mengukur pencapaian objektif pengajaran.
IMPLIKASI
Tentukan prosedur pentaksiran yang sesuai.
Gunakan pentaksiran yang bersifat “performance-based”.
Ambil tindakan susulan berdasarkan maklum balas pentaksiran.
4. Mempastikan penggunaan masa pengajaran secara optimum.
IMPLIKASI
Rancangkan penggunaan masa pengajaran.
Pastikan guru dan murid “on-task”.
Pantau penglibatan murid secara berterusan.
LANGKAH PENYEDIAAN RPH
ANALISIS SUKATAN PELAJARAN
Menentukan Hasil Pembelajaran.
Menentukan skop isi kandungan.
Menentukan aras Hasil Pembelajaran
ANALISIS MAKLUMAT MURID
Maklumat umum murid.
Pengetahuan dan kemahiran sedia ada.
Minat dan kecenderungan.
Gaya pembelajaran.
LANGKAH PENYEDIAAN RPH
MENENTUKAN OBJEKTIF PENGAJARAN
Menentukan Hasil Pembelajaran, situasi murid mempamerkan Hasil Pembelajaran dan tahap masteri.
Dinyatakan secara eksplisit dalam bentuk perlakuan yang zahir.
Dinyatakan dengan jelas dan spesifik.
MEMILIH MEDIA, MATERIAL DAN KAEDAH
Langkah menghubungkan murid dengan objektif pengajaran.
Asas pemilihan: keperluan pembelajaran murid, sesuai dengan situasi pembelajaran dan objektif pengajaran, berupaya merangsang minat murid dan menyediakan peluang penglibatan murid.
MENENTUKAN PENGGUNAAN MEDIA, MATERIAL DAN KAEDAH
Menentukan bagaimana menggunakan media dan bahan bagi mencapai objektif pengajaran.
Tentukan media dan bahan berada dalam keadaan yang berfungsi.
Sediakan pengalaman pembelajaran yang sesuai dan berkesan.
MENENTUKAN AKTIVITI DAN BENTUK PENGLIBATAN MURID
Tentukan apa aktiviti pembelajaran dan bentuk penglibatan murid.
Sediakan peluang murid memanipulasi maklumat untuk mengamalkan kemahiran yang dipelajari.
Tentukan bentuk peranan guru sebagai fasilitator.
MENENTUKAN PROSEDUR PENTAKSIRAN PENCAPAIAN OBHEKTIF
Tentukan bagaimana guru mentaksir pencapaian objektif pengajaran.
Nilai keberkesanan penggunaan media, material dan peranan guru sebagai fasilitator.
ELEMEN UTAMA RPH
PENENTUAN OBJEKTIF PENGAJARAN
PENGETAHUAN SEDIA ADA
ISI KANDUNGAN PELAJARAN
STRATEGI PENGAJARAN PEMBELAJARAN
PENYEBATIAN KEMAHIRAN BERFIKIR
PENERAPAN NILAI
PENILAIAN PENCAPAIAN OBJEKTIF
PENUTUP
ULASAN KENDIRI GURU PELATIH
PENENTUAN OBJEKTIF PENGAJARAN
Analisis dapatan kajian Jabatan Ilmu Pendidikan MPTI:
Tidak menunjukkan ketekalan dalam penggunaan kata kerja t.laku eksplisit.
Tidak menunjukkan situasi yang membolehkan sesuatu tingkah laku itu tercapai.
Tidak menyatakan dengan jelas tahap pencapaian minimum yang dikehendaki.
Pemilihan objektif yang tidak selaras dengan tajuk pelajaran.
Analisis dapatan kajian Institut Perguruan Miri.
Objektif pengajaran tidak selaras dengan Hasil Pembelajaran.
CARA MENULIS OBJEKTIF PENGAJARAN
MENENTUKAN HASIL PEMBELAJARAN (LEARNING OUTCOMES)
1.Merupakan produk pembelajaran yang perlu dipamerkan murid sebagai bukti penguasaan tajuk yang diajar.
Dituliskan menggunakan kata kerja yang menjelaskan produk pembelajaran.
Menjadi panduan dalam memilih dan menentukan prosedur pengajaran dan pentaksiran.
2.Perlu dinyatakan dalam keadaan situasi pembelajaran yang jelas atau memerlukan situasi yang spesifik.
Pilih situasi yang realistik.
Membantu menjadikan proses P&P lebih jelas, berfokus dan respons murid lebih berstruktur.
MENGENAL PASTI SITUASI SPESIFIK PEMBELAJARAN AKAN BERLAKU.
MENENTUKAN TAHAP KRITERIA
Merujuk kepada tahap prestasi pembelajaran yang memenuhi keperkuan objektif pengajaran.
Bersifat pertimbangan profesional.
Merupakan “cut-off points” pembelajaran.
Selaras dengan Hasil pembelajaran.
PENENTUAN OBJEKTIF PENGAJARAN
Abtar (1993) menyenaraikan lima komponen penting dalam penulisan hasil pembelajaran. Ringkasnya ABCDS.
A = Audience
B = Behaviour
C = Content
D = Degree of Achievement
S = Situation
OBJKETIF PENGAJARAN
AUDIENCE
BEHAVIOR
CONTENT
DEGREE
SITUATION
PENGETAHUAN SEDIA ADA
Pengetahuan / kemahiran asas yang membantu pelajar dalam pembelajaran baru.
Pengetahuan / kemahiran asas yang menjadi prasyarat kepada pembelajaran baru.
ISI KANDUNGAN
PENGETAHUAN
Kandungan maklumat yang perlu diperolehi dan difahami oleh pelajar.
KEMAHIRAN
Perlakuan yang perlu dikuasai oleh pelajar berkenaan kandungan pengetahuan yang dipelajari.
CONTOH
TAJUK: RESPIRASI
PENGETAHUAN
Organ-organ dalam sistem respirasi.
Mekanisme respirasi.
Peranan darah dalam respirasi.
Proses respirasi sel.
Kesan merokok ke atas sistem respirasi.
KEMAHIRAN
Menjelaskan mekanisme pernafasan, proses pengangkutan oksigen dan karbon dioksida oleh darah,proses pengoksidan makanan dalam sel badan.
STRATEGI PENGAJARAN PEMBELAJARAN
Aktiviti yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk menyampaikan pelajaran dan aktiviti / pengalaman pembelajaran yang disediakan untuk membolehkan pelajar menguasai apa yang diajar.
Pendekatan, Kaedah dan Teknik.
Aktiviti pengajaran pembelajaran.
Aktiviti pengayaan.
Aktiviti pengukuhan.
Aktiviti pemulihan.
Aktiviti kemahiran berfikir.
Aktiviti penilaian
Peranan guru sebagai fasilitator.
PRESENTING INFORMATION EVENTS OF INSTRUCTION
Gain attention
Pre-requisite knowledge
Present objectives
Present content
Provide learning guidance
Elicit performance
Provide feedback
Evaluate
Enhance retention
INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES
Lead-in
Build-up
Advance Organizer
Prepare & Preview
Explanation
Examples
Simulations
Analogies
Scenarios
Evidence
Exercises, self-test, quizzes
Summary
PENERAPAN NILAI
Penerapan nilai murni melalui isi kandungan.
Penerapan nilai murni melalui aktiviti.
Penerapan nilai kenegaraan.
Penerapan nilai dan sikap saintifik.
PENILAIAN PENCAPAIAN OBJEKTIF
Prosedur pengumpulan maklumat mengenai pembelajaran pelajar.
Menentukan pencapaian objektif pelajaran.
PENUTUP
Penutup kognitif – merumuskan kandungan utama pelajaran.
Penutup sosial – memupuk perkembangan afektif pelajar.
DIAMBIL DARI : http://kplipsv09.socialgo.com/magazine/month/200910
catatan kepala yg mula2....
Elements of Design: Type Author BY Jennifer Farley
In the final part of this series on the elements of design, we’re taking a look at type. I’ve left type until last in this series because over the last few weeks I’ve also been writing about typefaces and the categories they fall into. (See these posts for more Old Style, Modern, Slab Serif, Sans Serif, Script, Decorative). By recognizing some of the broad categories of type you can make informed decisions about which type to choose for your designs, whether they are on the web or for print.
Type is a fundamental part of any design it appears in. It can be used as text to read, as a shape and as a visual element where the choice of typeface conveys an emotion or mood. Type, when used well doesn’t need a photograph or illustration to back it up.
Creating A Mood
The font you choose can convey a lot of emotion. Look at the words below in four different typefaces.
We can read the same words but the font evokes different feelings and some fonts are more appropriate than others. The font at the top is a soft script font that (to me anyway) conveys Love more than Hate. The second font is a black letter font. Black letter fonts have a long history and have been associated with everything from Nazis to gangster rappers. The third font down is a sans-serif font called Avenir, which gives a fairly neutral feeling to both words. Finally, the fourth font is a grungy, distorted font which adds more meaning to the word Hate.
Which Fonts To Choose?
There is no simple answer to this but a good rule of thumb for using and choosing fonts is to stick to two or less typefaces per design. When it comes to fonts restraint is a good thing. Always remember LESS IS MORE. You can achieve interest by choosing two contrasting typefaces. For example on your website you might use a script or grungy font for your headings and contrast them with a sans-serif font in for your body text. You could do this using images for your headlines (I know, not very search engine friendly) or by using technology such as sIFR, Typekit and Cufon.
If you want to stick to web safe fonts you can achieve contrast by using serif and sans-serif fonts. The Monocle website does just that.
The UK Government Think advertisement contrasts a serif font with colorful childlike writing for a very effective campaign poster.
Type Size
You need to consider your audience when choosing the font size. Form follows function. If you’re creating a website for an over 60’s community, it’s probably a good idea to avoid font sizes 8 and 10 as that will be bothersome to read for many of the readers. On the other hand type that is too large can overpower a design and make it look a little less sophisticated.
Large type as headlines has been a popular trend on the web in the past few years with some designers choosing massive headlines to contrast with small body text.
Amnesty International’s dramatic poster using very large and very small type overlaying a stark black and white image to get the point across. You need to look closely at this poster to read all the text but on first glance it clearly communicates its shocking message.
Type As A Shape
“Body copy” refers to larger tracts of text as opposed to short headlines, pull quotes. Type takes on a shape, often a simple rectangle on websites, when body copy is added to the page. The intensity of the shape can depend on the size of the font, the font face and how you lay out the text. In the magazine layout below the two columns of body copy are fully justified and also wrap around the circular ampersand symbol in the headline. The text is aesthetically pleasing and attractive with plenty of whitespace above the main headline which allows breathing space.
Trendy Vs Timeless
It can be tempting to go for the newest, coolest and trendiest typefaces out there. With so many free and cheap fonts available, there are literally thousands of fonts to play around with. Some of them are very “now” but next year they may look very dated. That’s not to say you shouldn’t use them. Just be aware of why you’re using them. If you’re new to design, you’ll also find that your tastes will change as you learn more.
That’s Hemi Head on the top and Bernhard Modern on the bottom. Hemi Head has a touch of Star Trek about it and could be useful if you’re designing for a retro space design. Bernhard Modern looks more sophisticated and classic. Some of the oldest typefaces are true classics which have been around for hundreds of years. They’ve been around that long and are in continued use because they are well designed and legible. Over time you’ll find that practice and experience will tell you which way to go with your type choices.
To sum up, some of the things to think about when using type as a design element are:
- Is the typeface I’m using appropriate? Is it in keeping with the message I’m communicating?
- If I’m using more than one typeface, are they contrasting or conflicting? How well do they work together?
- Is the size right for the medium and the message?
- Am I using a typeface that’s a timeless classic or will this typeface be the equivalent of 80’s shoulder pads next week?
So here ends the Elements of Design series. I hope you’ve found it useful.
DIMUATTURUN DARI :
http://blogs.sitepoint.com/2009/11/04/elements-of-design-type/
Selasa, 15 Februari 2011
TEKNIK CAT AIR
Teknik ini dilakukan dengan memasukkan warna lain di atas warna yang sedia ada semasa basah.
Ini bertujuan supaya warna kedua dapat menyerap ke dalam warna pertama untuk menghasilkan tona yang menarik. Untuk tujuan ini kertas yang telah dibasahkan hendaklah dihamparkan atas permukaan yang rata, supaya air dapat bertindak mengalirkan warna yang dimasukkan.
* Teknik ini amat sesuai apabila hendak mewarna permukaan yang luas seperti langit, tanah, dinding bangunan serta latar belakang untuk lukisan alam benda.
Lapisan pertama dibiarkan kering terlebih dahulu sebelum warna kedua yang basah disapu dengan sapuan yang lembut. Teknik ini juga sesuai digunakan pada permukaan yang luas, tetapi kerja-kerja perincian hendaklah dilakukan.
Untuk permukaan langit yang luas, pelukis boleh menggunakan teknik ini untuk melukis awan. Cara ini juga digunakan untuk menggelapkan lapisan pertama dengan memasukkan tona yang lebih gelap di atas warna yang sedia ada.
KERING ATAS KERING
Maksud kering di sini bukanlah sebagai mana kain kering di sidaian tetapi warna yang melekat pada berus tidak banyak. Jika banyak elok di sapu pada kertas lain atau tisu untuk membuang warna yang lebih itu. Kemudian di sapu di atas warna lain yang sudah kering untuk menghasilkan warna yang lain. Tetapi tidak tebal. Sekadar untuk mewujudkan keharmonian warna dengan suasana sekitarnya.
sumber :
http://senivisual1.blogspot.com
Isnin, 14 Februari 2011
Choosing the right typeface for your project
The typeface that you choose for your print project is an important piece of the overall design process. With over 20,000 typefaces available and more being created every day, where do you begin?
First, narrow down your choices by selecting the tone you want to present. Typefaces can convey personality. For instance if you are in the banking industry you might choose a classic serif font such as Garamond to convey dependability. Serif fonts are generally used to achieve an elegant or classical look. For a more contemporary look a sans serif such as Bank Gothic would be appropriate. Sans serif fonts can impart an appearance of confidence.
Be careful about choosing a script typeface. Although they can add elegance to an invitation or announcement, scripts are more difficult to read. Never use all caps when using a script typeface and never use it for lengthy copy.
Readability is crucial. Be sure that the font you choose is legible. With all of the new and interesting typefaces available today it is tempting to pick one that you think looks “cool”. This can work if you are going for an edgy look that will appeal to a young audience, but your copy still needs to be easily understood.
An important rule of thumb to remember: Never select more than three typefaces for a design piece. You can choose one font for the heading, one for the body text and one for accent if desired. More will look chaotic and cluttered.
The combination of these fonts is also important. (The typographic wheel below is a helpful guide).
If you select a serif for your heading, choose a sans serif for the body text (or vise versa). Avoid selecting a similar serif for the body, as this may end up looking like a mistake. Using an opposite typeface will achieve a contrast that will add eye appeal to your piece. Also avoid close relatives of your main typeface. For example if your heading is script do not choose an italic serif for your body text.
Word settings and spacing are another consideration to achieve a professional look for your design. The optimal setting for your body text is flush left, rag right. This setting allows comfortable readability. The flush left makes it easier for the reader to find the next line. Also pay attention to the ragged edge. Take time to create a pleasing silhouette by avoiding lines set to exactly the same length or one long line followed by a short one. The exception here is the end of a paragraph, however never leave a single word on the last line of a paragraph. Try to avoid justifying your text (Flush left, flush right) as this can create irregular word spacing unless carefully typeset. This uneven spacing can create “rivers” of open space that will distract the reader. Justified text works best for lengthy materials such as books or magazine articles.
Centered text will create left and right ragged edges. This can create a dignified look if treated carefully. Vary the lines to give the ragged edges an interesting look and try increasing the space between lines to add readability. Since a ragged left edge makes it more difficult for a reader to find the next line, try to keep phrases or related content on one line. Centered text works best for small amounts of text.
With all of this to consider in choosing your typeface(s), don’t hesitate to contact a professional designer. There are books written on the subject and this article does not begin to address many aspects of typography. The correct use of type can make or break your design, so take some time and look at the different options available.
by Patrice Roarke, Creative Director and owner of Artisan Design Studio. This article may be re-printed on your website, newsletter or ezine with a credit and link back to: http://www.artisan-ds.com